Fig. 2

Tools for quantifying organ shape using allometry (a) or geometric morphometrics (b). a shows the scaling relationships between mean trait size (wing size) and body size. Traits are isometric when α = 1. Hypoallometry describes a relationship where α < 1 and trait y shows little or no change in size with increasing body size. For hyperallometric relationships (α > 1), trait y increases disproportionately with increasing body size. b shows how the shape of the wing can be measured using the spatial relationship of discrete landmark points (shown in red). The position of these cartesian coordinates can be altered to produce new wing shapes independent of wing size