Table 2 Frequencies (behavior rate per minute) of male Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) mating behaviors displayed during four consecutives rutting seasons of both adults (N = 209 observations; N = 322 recorded behaviors) and subadult males (N = 18 observations; N = 8 recorded behaviors). In case of adults, table also shows mean and standard deviations of frequencies, as well as Generalized Mixed Models results in which the frequency of each behavior was included as the dependent variable, the level of trait expressions (LTE vs HTE) as fixed factor, and both individual (N = 60) and year (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018) as random factor. Each line in the GLMMs columns shows the mean differences and standard errors (SE) between trait expression, the Z statistic and significance level. The number of observations (Obs) in which a particular behaviour was recorded are also shown in brackets
Mating behaviour | Mean frequency ± SD | GLMMs | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LTE | HTE | Estimate ± SE | Z | P | |
Roaring | |||||
 Adults (Obs = 141) | 0.83 ± 0.90 | 2.13 ± 1.52 | −2.05 ± 0.98 | −2.10 | 0.036 |
 Subadults (Obs = 5) | – | – | – |  | – |
Flehmen | |||||
 Adults (Obs = 38) | 0.01 ± 0.05 | 0.13 ± 0.41 | −6.78 ± 7.99 | −0.84 | 0.40 |
 Subadults (Obs = 0) | – | – | – | – | – |
Antler rubbing | |||||
 Adults (Obs = 49) | 0.08 ± 0.26 | 0.14 ± 0.37 | 0.01 ± 0.31 | − 0.09 | 0.92 |
 Subadults (Obs = 1) | – | – | – | – | – |
Parallel walk | |||||
 Adults (Obs = 10) | 0.01 ± 0.05 | 0.03 ± 0.13 | −1.06 ± 2.01 | −0.53 | 0.59 |
 Subadults (Obs = 0) | – | – | – | – | – |
Fight | |||||
 Adults (Obs = 4) | 0.03 ± 0.11 | 0.01 ± 0.04 | 0.57 ± 0.31 | 1.85 | 0.06 |
 Subadults (Obs = 0) | – | – | – | – | – |
Female harassment | |||||
 Adults (Obs = 74) | 0.05 ± 0.15 | 0.31 ± 0.48 | −5.27 ± 4.55 | −1.58 | 0.24 |
 Subadults (Obs = 2) | – | – | – | – | – |
Mount female | |||||
 Adults (Obs = 6) | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.05 | − 25.39 ± 377.1 | −0.07 | 0.94 |
 Subadults (Obs = 0) | – | – | – | – | – |
Sexual activity | |||||
 Adults (Obs = 209) | 1.02 ± 0.94 | 2.76 ± 1.93 | −2.05 ± 1.02 | −2.02 | 0.04 |
 Subadults (Obs = 18) | – | – | – | – | – |